How do agrarian cultures contribute to increased societal complexity compared to hunter-gatherer societies?

Agrarian cultures, which focus on farming and agriculture, contribute to increased societal complexity compared to hunter-gatherer societies in several ways. In agrarian societies, people settle in one place to grow crops and raise animals, leading to larger populations and the need for more organized social structures. This stability allows for the development of specialized roles, such as farmers, artisans, and leaders, which creates a hierarchy and complex governance systems. For example, in ancient Mesopotamia, the growth of agriculture led to the establishment of cities with distinct jobs, trade, and written laws, unlike hunter-gatherer groups that relied on shared resources and had simpler social structures. Overall, agriculture enables more intricate interactions and relationships among people, fostering advancements in culture, technology, and social organization.