In the context of social class and parenting, Annette Lareau's research suggests that upper-middle class families are more likely to employ a parenting style characterized by __________, which emphasizes negotiation and reasoning, compared to working class families who may adopt a more directive approach.

Annette Lareau's research highlights how social class influences parenting styles, particularly between upper-middle class and working-class families. Upper-middle class families often use a parenting style called "concerted cultivation," which focuses on encouraging children to think critically, negotiate, and express their opinions. This means that parents engage in discussions with their children about rules and decisions, fostering independence and critical thinking. In contrast, working-class families might adopt a more "directive" approach, where parents set clear rules and expectations without much discussion, emphasizing obedience and respect. For example, a parent from an upper-middle class family might ask their child how they feel about a new bedtime, while a working-class parent might simply tell their child when to go to bed without much conversation.