Labeling theory: Deviant identity :: Merton's retreatism: ?

Labeling theory suggests that when society labels someone as deviant, that label can influence how the person sees themselves and how others treat them. This can lead to a deviant identity, where the person begins to act according to the label they were given. In the context of Merton's retreatism, which describes individuals who reject both the goals and means of society, we can compare it to those who might embrace the deviant label and withdraw from societal expectations altogether. For example, if someone is labeled as a "troublemaker," they might stop trying to fit in or achieve societal goals, choosing instead to live outside of those norms. Thus, just as labeling can create a deviant identity, Merton's retreatism illustrates a similar withdrawal from societal aspirations.