Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of institutional racism?

Institutional racism refers to the ways in which racial discrimination is built into the policies and practices of organizations and institutions. This can be seen in areas like education, healthcare, and the legal system, where certain racial groups may face disadvantages due to unfair rules or practices. For example, if a school has policies that unfairly discipline students of a certain race more than others, this would be a manifestation of institutional racism. However, an individual act of racism, like someone making a racist comment, is not considered institutional racism because it does not involve the policies or practices of an institution. Understanding this distinction helps us see how systemic issues can affect entire communities rather than just individuals.