Which of the following best describes a manifestation of institutional racism within the context of historical discrimination in the United States?

Institutional racism refers to the ways in which laws, policies, and practices in institutions create and maintain racial inequalities. In the United States, one clear example is the practice of redlining, where banks and government agencies denied loans or insurance to people in predominantly Black neighborhoods. This not only made it difficult for families to buy homes and build wealth but also reinforced segregation and poverty in these communities. Over time, these practices led to a cycle of disadvantage that still affects many people today. Understanding this helps us see how past injustices continue to shape opportunities and outcomes for different racial groups.