Which of the following best describes the historical definition of racial categories during the 19th century?

During the 19th century, racial categories were often based on physical characteristics like skin color, facial features, and hair type. People believed that these differences meant that certain races were superior or inferior to others, leading to discrimination and social hierarchies. For example, many societies viewed white Europeans as the "ideal" race, while people from Africa or Asia were often wrongly seen as less civilized. These ideas were not just personal opinions; they influenced laws and policies, shaping how people interacted with each other. Overall, this historical view of race was flawed and harmful, affecting millions of lives and creating lasting inequalities.