Which of the following statements best represents the contrast between modernization theory and world-system theory in the context of global stratification?

Modernization theory suggests that countries develop in a linear process, where poorer nations can become wealthier by adopting the practices of richer ones, like technology and education. This theory emphasizes that all countries can progress and improve their economic status over time. In contrast, world-system theory argues that global inequality is rooted in historical and economic relationships among countries, with rich nations exploiting poorer ones, creating a dependency that makes it hard for the latter to advance. For example, a developing country might struggle to improve its economy because it relies heavily on exporting raw materials to a wealthier country, which benefits from these resources without allowing the poorer nation to grow. Therefore, while modernization theory is hopeful about development, world-system theory highlights the challenges posed by existing inequalities.