What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes formal organizations from informal ones?

The primary characteristic that distinguishes formal organizations from informal ones is the presence of a structured system of rules and roles. In formal organizations, there are clear guidelines about how things should be done, who is in charge, and what each person's responsibilities are. This structure helps ensure that everyone knows what to expect and how to work together effectively. For example, in a school, teachers follow a set curriculum and have specific duties, while students must adhere to school rules. In contrast, informal organizations, like a group of friends planning a trip, operate more flexibly without strict rules, allowing for spontaneous decisions and changes.