Which of the following critiques is most closely associated with dependency theory in relation to modernization theory?

Dependency theory critiques modernization theory by arguing that the development of countries is heavily influenced by their historical relationships with more developed nations. Modernization theory suggests that all nations can develop by following a similar path as the West, but dependency theory points out that this path often leads to unequal relationships. For instance, a less developed country may rely on exporting raw materials to a more developed country, which keeps it in a position of dependency and limits its growth. This relationship can create a cycle where the poorer country remains underdeveloped while the richer country continues to prosper. Thus, dependency theory emphasizes that external factors and historical exploitation play a significant role in a nation's development.