What underlying causes contribute to the global inequalities critiqued by Modernization Theory, particularly in the context of the exploitation of poorer nations?

Modernization Theory suggests that poorer nations are stuck in a cycle of poverty because they haven't adopted the same economic and social practices as wealthier nations. One key reason for global inequalities is the historical exploitation of poorer nations, where richer countries have often taken resources without fair compensation. This exploitation can leave poorer nations with weak economies, limited infrastructure, and few opportunities for growth. For example, when a wealthy country extracts minerals from a poorer country, it often profits while the local community sees little benefit, leading to ongoing poverty. This cycle creates barriers to development, making it hard for these nations to catch up economically and socially.