How do parenting styles differ between upper-middle-class and working-class families according to Lareau's research?

According to Lareau's research, parenting styles can differ significantly between upper-middle-class and working-class families due to their resources and values. Upper-middle-class parents often focus on "concerted cultivation," where they actively engage their children in various structured activities like sports or music lessons. This approach encourages children to develop skills, confidence, and connections that can benefit them in school and later in life. On the other hand, working-class parents tend to practice "natural growth," allowing their children more freedom to play and explore independently, which fosters resilience but may not provide the same structured opportunities. For example, a child from an upper-middle-class family might attend organized soccer practices, while a child from a working-class family might play soccer informally with friends in the neighborhood.