What underlying factor contributes to the positive outcomes often reported in same-sex parenting, as explored by Victoria Clarke in her research?

Victoria Clarke’s research points to the quality of the parent‑child relationship as the underlying factor that yields positive outcomes in same‑sex families. She argues that when parents invest time, emotional support, and consistent guidance, children thrive regardless of parents’ gender. The reasoning follows that strong, nurturing bonds buffer any societal bias, allowing children to develop confidence and resilience. For example, a lesbian couple who regularly discusses feelings and sets clear expectations helps their child feel secure and valued, which translates into better academic and social performance. Thus, it is the depth of parental care, not the parents’ sexual orientation, that drives the favorable results.