Which of the following are key components of Energy Policy Analysis? Select all that apply.

Energy policy analysis usually starts with clear goals, such as reducing emissions or ensuring security of supply, and then examines how supply and demand interact under those goals. It then looks at the economic costs and benefits of different options, weighing them against environmental and social impacts. Policy makers design instruments—like taxes, subsidies, or regulations—based on that cost‑benefit picture, and finally they set up monitoring to see if the policy works as intended. For example, a carbon tax is chosen after modeling shows it lowers emissions while keeping energy prices within an affordable range, and ongoing data collection confirms the expected reduction.