What was a common consequence of colonial expansion on indigenous populations?

A common consequence of colonial expansion on indigenous populations was the loss of their land and resources. When colonizers arrived, they often took over the land that indigenous people had lived on for generations. This led to conflicts, as indigenous groups tried to defend their homes and way of life. For example, in North America, many Native American tribes were forced to move from their ancestral lands to make way for settlers, which disrupted their traditional practices and communities. Overall, colonial expansion often resulted in significant social, cultural, and economic changes that negatively impacted indigenous populations.