You are designing a simple audio amplifier using an operational amplifier. You want to ensure that the amplifier outputs a clean sound without distortion. If the non-inverting input receives a signal that is 2V higher than the inverting input, what will be the output of the op-amp if it has a gain of 100?

When the non‑inverting input is 2 V higher than the inverting input, the voltage difference (ΔV) is 2 V. An op‑amp with a closed‑loop gain of 100 would try to produce an output of 100 × ΔV, which equals 200 V. Because real op‑amps cannot output more than their supply rails, the amplifier will saturate at the highest voltage it can supply, such as +12 V or +15 V. Thus the amplifier will drive the output to its positive rail, giving a clipped, distorted signal rather than a clean 200 V. In practice you would need a higher supply voltage or a different configuration to avoid saturation.