When an op-amp reaches its output limits and cannot increase the output voltage further, it is said to be in __________.

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saturation

linear region

cutoff

feedback mode

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Answer

When an op‑amp tries to drive its output beyond the voltage supplied by its power rails, the output voltage can no longer rise and it becomes stuck at the nearest rail. This condition is called saturation, because the amplifier has reached the limits of its output range. For example, with a ±12 V supply, the output will plateau near ±11 V even if the input signal would require a higher voltage. Saturation prevents the op‑amp from producing a correct linear response, so circuit designers must keep the output within the usable range.

Detailed Explanation

When the output reaches the supply voltage, the op‑amp can no longer rise or fall. Other options are incorrect because Linear region means the output moves proportionally with the input; Cutoff is a term for transistors that stop conducting.

Key Concepts

Op-Amp Output Saturation

Signal Clipping

Op-Amp Linear Operation

Topic

Op-Amp Output Saturation

Difficulty

medium level question

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Question 1

What happens to the output of an operational amplifier (op-amp) when the input signal exceeds the power supply voltage, leading to output saturation?

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Question 2

An op-amp is used in a circuit where the input voltage exceeds the power supply limits. Which of the following outcomes best describes what occurs due to output saturation?

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Question 3