In a non-linear application of an operational amplifier (op-amp), what occurs when the input signal exceeds the output saturation limits?

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The output remains linear and proportional to the input.

The output voltage stabilizes at the supply voltage limit.

The op-amp enters a feedback loop.

The op-amp will self-destruct.

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Answer

When the input voltage drives the op‑amp beyond its supply rails, the amplifier can no longer produce a proportional output and instead “clips” the signal, forcing the output to sit at one of the rails (the positive or negative supply voltage). This clipping means the op‑amp behaves non‑linearly, because the output is no longer a linear function of the input. For example, if an op‑amp powered from ±15 V is fed a sinusoid that peaks at 20 V, the output will be forced to +15 V or –15 V for the portions of the waveform that exceed those limits, producing a flat‑top waveform. Thus, the output saturates at the supply rails, distorting the signal and eliminating the linear relationship between input and output.

Detailed Explanation

When the input signal goes beyond what the op‑amp can produce, the amplifier can no longer increase its output. Other options are incorrect because Many think the amplifier keeps following the input even when it cannot; Some believe the op‑amp starts a new feedback loop when it saturates.

Key Concepts

non-linear behavior

applications in circuits

Topic

Op-Amp Output Saturation

Difficulty

medium level question

Cognitive Level

understand

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Question 1

What happens to the output of an operational amplifier (op-amp) when the input signal exceeds the power supply voltage, leading to output saturation?

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Question 2