Arrange the steps for designing a practical op-amp circuit using negative feedback to achieve a desired gain.

To design a practical op‑amp with negative feedback for a specific gain, first decide the desired closed‑loop gain and choose the feedback network that will produce it; for a non‑inverting amplifier the gain is 1 + Rf/Rin, so pick resistor values that give that ratio. Next, select resistor values that are close to standard values and ensure the op‑amp’s open‑loop gain is much larger than the feedback factor so that the actual gain is accurate. Then, check the bandwidth and phase margin by considering the op‑amp’s gain‑bandwidth product and any additional poles introduced by the feedback resistors. Finally, build the circuit, measure the output, and adjust the resistor values if the measured gain deviates from the target. For example, to get a gain of 10, choose Rin = 1 kΩ and Rf = 9 kΩ, giving a theoretical closed‑loop gain of 10, and verify it with a multimeter.