In an operational amplifier (op-amp) circuit, which configuration allows for better accuracy and stability in output voltage under real-world conditions, by utilizing negative feedback? Is it the closed-loop configuration or the open-loop configuration?

Under real‑world conditions the closed‑loop configuration, which uses negative feedback, gives better accuracy and stability than the open‑loop configuration. Negative feedback forces the op‑amp output to drive the input error toward zero, making the gain depend mainly on external resistors rather than the amplifier’s internal parameters. This makes the circuit’s behavior predictable and less sensitive to component variations and temperature changes. For example, a non‑inverting amplifier with a 1 kΩ and 10 kΩ resistor pair will produce a gain of exactly 11, regardless of the op‑amp’s own gain variations, whereas an open‑loop op‑amp would have a wildly varying gain and output. Thus, the closed‑loop, feedback‑controlled setup is the preferred choice for accuracy and stability.