Which of the following best illustrates a market failure due to the free rider problem in the context of public goods?

A market failure occurs when the free market does not allocate resources efficiently, and one example of this is the free rider problem with public goods. Public goods are things like clean air, national defense, or streetlights that everyone can use without paying for them. Because people can benefit without contributing, many choose not to pay, which can lead to underfunding or a lack of these goods. For instance, if a community decides to build a new park, some residents might enjoy it without donating to its creation, relying on others to cover the costs. This can result in fewer parks being built, even though they would benefit everyone, illustrating how the free rider problem can lead to market failure.