Positive externalities in production are to societal benefits as negative externalities in production are to what?

Positive externalities in production create benefits for society that go beyond the direct profits of a business. For example, if a company invests in renewable energy, it not only profits but also helps reduce pollution and improve air quality for everyone. In contrast, negative externalities in production lead to harmful effects on society. An example of this is a factory that releases smoke into the air; while it may generate income, it also harms the health of nearby residents. Therefore, just as positive externalities result in societal benefits, negative externalities produce societal costs that can affect people and the environment negatively.