Positive externalities in consumption are to social benefits as negative externalities in production are to what?

Positive externalities in consumption occur when someone enjoys a benefit from a good or service that they did not directly pay for, leading to social benefits for everyone. For example, if someone gets vaccinated, they not only protect themselves but also help prevent the spread of disease, benefiting the entire community. On the other hand, negative externalities in production happen when a company produces goods in a way that harms others, like polluting the air or water. This leads to social costs, which are the harmful effects experienced by society as a whole, such as health problems or environmental damage. So, just as positive externalities in consumption create social benefits, negative externalities in production create social costs.