In the context of microeconomic theory, how do consumers achieve utility maximization while adhering to their budget constraint, as illustrated by indifference curves?

In microeconomic theory, consumers aim to achieve the highest level of satisfaction, known as utility, while staying within their budget. This is illustrated using indifference curves, which represent different combinations of goods that provide the same level of satisfaction. To maximize utility, consumers will choose a combination of goods where the budget line, which shows what they can afford, just touches the highest possible indifference curve. For example, if a consumer has a budget of $10 and is deciding between apples and oranges, they will find the point where they can buy a mix of both that keeps them on the highest curve without exceeding their budget. This balance ensures they get the most satisfaction possible from their limited resources.