Which of the following is an example of a negative externality in consumption that leads to market failure?

A negative externality in consumption occurs when someone’s consumption of a good or service harms others who are not involved in that transaction. A clear example of this is smoking cigarettes in public places. When a person smokes, the smoke can harm the health of people nearby, even if they are not smoking themselves. This is a market failure because the smoker does not consider the health risks they impose on others, leading to too much smoking in public spaces. As a result, society suffers from increased health costs and reduced quality of life for non-smokers.