Negative externalities in economics are to market inefficiency as a car running out of gas is to what?

Negative externalities in economics happen when a decision or action by an individual or company affects others in a harmful way, without those responsible having to pay for the damage. This creates a market inefficiency, just like when a car runs out of gas—it can't function properly anymore. When a car runs out of gas, it stops moving and can't take you to your destination, which is similar to how negative externalities can prevent a market from reaching its full potential. For example, if a factory pollutes the air, it affects the health of nearby residents, leading to increased medical costs and lost productivity. Just as a driver must refuel to continue their journey, society must address negative externalities to ensure markets work efficiently and benefit everyone.