How does government intervention address market failure in the case of public goods, and what role do taxes play in this process?

Government intervention addresses market failure in the case of public goods by ensuring that these goods are available to everyone, even if the market would not provide them on its own. Public goods, like clean air or national defense, are non-excludable and non-rivalrous, meaning that one person's use does not reduce availability for others. Because businesses may not find it profitable to provide these goods, the government steps in to supply them, ensuring that all members of society benefit. Taxes play a crucial role in this process by collecting funds from citizens, which the government then uses to produce or maintain public goods. For example, taxes collected from citizens can be used to build and maintain public parks, which everyone can enjoy without directly paying for each visit.