Positive externalities are to education as negative externalities are to what?

Positive externalities in education mean that when someone gets an education, it benefits not just them but also society, like having a more informed and skilled workforce. On the other hand, negative externalities occur when someone's actions have harmful effects on others. A good example of a negative externality is pollution from a factory. When a factory pollutes the air, it can make people sick or harm the environment, impacting everyone nearby who did not choose to be affected. So, just as education has positive effects for society, pollution has negative effects that can harm people who are not involved in the factory's operations.