What happens to market equilibrium when a negative externality, such as pollution, is introduced into the market?

When a negative externality like pollution is introduced into the market, it affects the market equilibrium by causing the supply curve to shift. This happens because the costs of pollution are not included in the price of the goods being produced. As a result, the true cost of production is higher than what consumers pay, leading to overproduction of the good. For example, if a factory produces cheap goods but also pollutes the air, people might buy more of those goods than they should, not considering the harmful effects of the pollution. Ultimately, this imbalance can lead to too much of the harmful product being made, harming the environment and public health.