Human microbiome : immune response :: gut microbiota : ?

The human microbiome, the community of microbes that live on and inside us, helps train and regulate our immune system. Likewise, the gut microbiota—those microbes that live in our intestines—helps us digest food and absorb nutrients. They break down complex carbohydrates into short‑chain fatty acids, which give energy to our cells and signal the gut to absorb vitamins and minerals. For example, when we eat a fiber‑rich meal, the gut bacteria produce butyrate, a short‑chain fatty acid that fuels colon cells and keeps the intestinal lining healthy. Thus, just as the microbiome supports immunity, the gut microbiota supports digestion and nutrient uptake.