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HomeHomework HelppsychologyCognitive Biases in Judgment

Cognitive Biases in Judgment

Cognitive biases refer to systematic errors in thinking and decision-making, such as the availability heuristic, where people overestimate the importance of information that is easily available, rather than seeking a more balanced view. These biases can affect problem-solving and judgment in various contexts.

intermediate
2 hours
Psychology
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Overview

Cognitive biases are inherent flaws in human judgment that can lead to irrational decision-making. They arise from the brain's attempt to simplify information processing, often resulting in systematic errors. Understanding these biases is crucial for improving decision-making in various aspects of l...

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Key Terms

Anchoring Bias
The tendency to rely heavily on the first piece of information encountered.

Example: If you see a shirt priced at $100, you might think a $50 shirt is cheap.

Confirmation Bias
The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms one's preconceptions.

Example: A person who believes in a conspiracy theory may only seek out information that supports it.

Availability Heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory.

Example: After seeing news reports about airplane accidents, a person may overestimate the danger of flying.

Overconfidence Bias
The tendency to overestimate one's own abilities or knowledge.

Example: A student may believe they will ace a test without studying, leading to poor performance.

Hindsight Bias
The inclination to see events as having been predictable after they have already occurred.

Example: After a sports game, fans may claim they knew the outcome all along.

Self-Serving Bias
The habit of attributing positive events to one's own character but attributing negative events to external factors.

Example: A student attributes their good grades to hard work but blames a poor grade on a difficult exam.

Related Topics

Behavioral Economics
Study of how psychological factors affect economic decision-making.
intermediate
Decision Theory
Analysis of choices made by individuals and groups under uncertainty.
intermediate
Social Psychology
Exploration of how individuals influence and are influenced by others.
intermediate

Key Concepts

Anchoring BiasConfirmation BiasAvailability HeuristicOverconfidence Bias