Psychology Study Guides

The practical implications and relevance of psychological principles and research to real-life issues, such as…

Art and Mental Health' refers to the interdisciplinary field that explores the relationship between artistic expression…

Associative learning is a psychological process in which a person or animal learns to connect two stimuli or a stimulus…

Attachment styles refer to the patterns of emotional bond and interaction that individuals develop in relationships,…

Attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on specific information while ignoring other stimuli,…

The role of attention as a fundamental requirement for effective learning.

Baselines of happiness refer to an individual’s stable level of subjective well-being or emotional state, which tends…

Basic anxiety refers to the fundamental fear and insecurity that arises from feelings of helplessness and isolation in…

Behavioral psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on the study of observable behaviors and the ways in which…

Behavioral responses refer to the observable actions or reactions of individuals to internal or external stimuli.

Behaviorism is a psychological paradigm that emphasizes the study of observable behaviors and the ways in which they…

Behaviorism is a psychological approach that emphasizes the study of observable behavior over internal mental processes.

Behaviorism focuses on the study of observable behaviors rather than inner mental states.

The study of behaviours as responses or reactions to stimuli, including simple and complex, short and enduring, overt…

Binocular cues are depth perception cues that require the use of both eyes, allowing for the perception of distance and…

Biopsychology is a branch of psychology that examines the physiological and genetic influences on behavior, focusing on…

Biopsychology, also known as behavioral neuroscience, is the interdisciplinary study of the relationship between…

Birth order refers to the chronological sequence in which siblings are born within a family, which can influence their…

The various fields of psychology, including their growth, evolution, and interaction with other disciplines and…

Child development refers to the process through which children grow and change physically, cognitively, emotionally,…

Classical conditioning is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a significant…

Cognitive development refers to the processes through which individuals acquire, organize, and utilize knowledge…

The study of how communication processes shape and influence emotional experiences, both in expressing and…

Community mental health refers to a comprehensive approach that focuses on promoting mental well-being and providing…

Concepts in psychology are mental representations or categories used to organize and interpret information about the…

Conditioned learning is a process in which an individual learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a significant…

The distinction between an unconditioned response, which is an innate reaction to an unconditioned stimulus, and a…

Conscious refers to mental processes and thoughts that individuals are actively aware of and can control, while…

Coping mechanisms are cognitive and behavioral strategies individuals use to manage stress, difficult emotions, or…

Coping styles refer to the cognitive and behavioral strategies individuals use to manage stress and difficult emotions.

Data collection in psychology refers to the systematic gathering of information from participants through various…

Decision making is the cognitive process of selecting a course of action from multiple alternatives, often involving…

Depression is a common mental health disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest, and…

Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why human beings change over the course of their life,…

Digital detox refers to a deliberate period of time during which an individual refrains from using digital devices and…

Digital mental health refers to the use of technology, including mobile apps, online therapy platforms, and digital…

Educational psychology is the study of how individuals learn and develop in educational settings, focusing on…

Emotional State Management refers to the processes and strategies used to recognize, understand, and manage one's…

Empiricism in psychology refers to the approach of relying on empirical evidence and scientific methods to understand…

Encoding failure refers to the inability to convert information from short-term memory into long-term memory, often due…

Erik Erikson's eight-stage theory of development outlines the psychosocial challenges individuals face from infancy…

Ethical guidelines, regulations, and standards in psychology refer to formal principles and rules established by…

The foot-in-the-door technique is a persuasive strategy where a small initial request is made to gain compliance,…

General psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior, encompassing various aspects such as cognition,…

Gestalt psychology is a theoretical perspective that emphasizes the importance of perceiving whole patterns and…

The halo effect is a cognitive bias where the perception of one positive trait in a person influences the perception of…

The history of psychology refers to the development and evolution of the field as both a scientific discipline and a…

The fundamental concepts that govern human development across the lifespan, including the principles of nature and…

Hyperactivity is a condition characterized by excessive movement, impulsiveness, and difficulty in maintaining…

Implicit bias refers to the attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions…

Imprinting (behavioral) is a rapid learning process that occurs during a critical period in an animal's early…

Infant attachment refers to the emotional bond that develops between an infant and their primary caregiver,…

The Initiative vs Guilt stage is a key part of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory, occurring between ages 3…

Innate behavior refers to instinctual actions that are genetically programmed and occur naturally in an organism…

Instinctual desires are innate urges or drives that motivate behavior, often related to survival, reproduction, and…

Introduction to Psychology is the foundational study of human behavior and mental processes, encompassing various…

Learning disabilities and disorders are neurodevelopmental conditions that affect a person's ability to acquire and use…

The process by which behaviors are acquired and modified through various types of conditioning, including classical…

The distinct periods of human development from prenatal development to late adulthood, characterized by unique…

The various phases and transformations that individuals experience throughout their lives, including physical,…

The maternal bond refers to the strong emotional connection that develops between a mother and her child, characterized…

Memory encoding is the process of transforming perceptions and experiences into a format that can be stored in memory.

Mental health promotion refers to the process of enhancing the well-being and resilience of individuals and communities…

Mental illness refers to a range of psychological disorders characterized by dysfunctional thinking, emotional…

Mental processes refer to the internal psychological mechanisms that underlie human thoughts, feelings, and behaviors,…

The psychological concept that the mind plays a crucial role in achieving success, with a focus on the skillful use of…

Monocular cues are visual information that can be perceived with one eye, providing depth and spatial relationships.

The psychological factors that drive gamers to engage with games, including sensation-seeking, dopamine release, and…

Naturalistic observation is a research method in psychology where researchers observe and record behavior in its…

Negative punishment is a behavioral modification technique in which a desirable stimulus is removed following an…

Obedience is a form of social influence where an individual acts in response to a direct order or command from an…

Operant conditioning is a learning theory developed by B.F. Skinner that emphasizes the role of reinforcement and…

Parent-child relationships refer to the dynamic and interpersonal bond between a parent and their child, shaped by…

Physical attractiveness refers to the degree to which an individual's physical appearance is perceived as visually…

Piaget's Stages of Development are a series of cognitive development stages proposed by Jean Piaget, outlining how…

Positive peace psychology is the study of psychological processes that contribute to the promotion of social harmony,…

The principles of Pavlov, rooted in classical conditioning, describe how a neutral stimulus can elicit a conditioned…

Prosocial behavior refers to voluntary actions intended to benefit others, such as helping, sharing, and cooperating.

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes, including the principles of critical thinking, research methods,…

Pursuing happiness involves understanding the psychological factors that contribute to an individual's overall…

The process of following a behavior with a consequence that makes it more likely to occur in the future, including…

Relationship formation is the process through which interpersonal bonds develop between individuals, influenced by…

Self-efficacy is the belief in one’s own ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task.

Self-esteem refers to an individual's subjective evaluation of their own worth, encompassing beliefs about oneself and…

Self-regulation is the ability to manage and control one’s emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in pursuit of long-term…

Self-reporting is a method in psychology where individuals provide subjective reflections on their thoughts, feelings,…

Sensation is the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from…

The process by which the brain interprets and organizes sensory information from the environment, including the study…

Sensory processes refer to the methods by which sensory receptors and the nervous system receive, organize, and…

The processes and stages of sleep, including the different types of sleep disorders, the nature and contents of dreams,…

Social anxiety is an intense fear or apprehension regarding social situations where an individual may be judged,…

Social learning theory is a psychological perspective that emphasizes the role of observation and imitation in the…

Social loafing is the phenomenon where individuals exert less effort on a task when working in a group compared to when…

Social motives refer to the driving forces behind individuals' behavior in social contexts, including the need for…

Social norms in psychology are the unwritten rules and expectations that govern behavior within a group or society.

Stages of development refer to the distinct phases of growth that individuals experience throughout their lifespan,…

Stranger anxiety is a developmental phenomenon occurring in infants, typically between 6 months and 2 years old,…

Stress surveys are standardized questionnaires designed to assess an individual's perceived stress levels and the…

Stressful experiences are events or situations that challenge an individual's ability to cope effectively, often…

Taste aversion is a conditioned response where an individual develops a strong dislike or avoidance of a specific food…

The therapeutic alliance refers to the collaborative relationship between a therapist and a client, characterized by…

Type A behavior refers to a personality pattern characterized by high levels of competitiveness, aggression, urgency,…

An unconditioned stimulus (US) is a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any prior…

Altruism is the selfless concern for the well-being of others, often leading individuals to act in ways that benefit…

Anxiety is a psychological and physiological response characterized by feelings of unease, fear, or apprehension, often…

A stable combination of beliefs and emotional feelings about a topic, which can be positive or negative, explicit or…

Conformity is the tendency to adjust one's beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors to match those of a group or the social…

Happiness is a subjective emotional state characterized by feelings of contentment, joy, and well-being.

Understanding human behavior is the scientific study of how people's minds work, influencing their feelings, thoughts,…

Intelligence is the ability to learn from experience, adapt to new situations, understand complex ideas, and…

Loneliness is the emotional state characterized by a profound sense of disconnection or lack of social interaction,…

Optimism is a cognitive bias characterized by the tendency to expect positive outcomes and view challenges as…

Phobias are intense, irrational fears of specific objects, situations, or activities that lead to significant anxiety…

Variables in psychology are any characteristics, factors, or conditions that can change or vary and are used in…

Young adulthood is a developmental stage typically ranging from the late teens to the late twenties, characterized by…

A complex condition characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli, such as gambling, despite adverse…

The examination of behaviors characterized by compulsive engagement in activities despite negative consequences, such…

The physical, emotional, and social changes that occur during adolescence, including the formation of identity, peer…

Alcohol behavior refers to the patterns of consumption and the psychological and social factors influencing drinking…

Anterograde amnesia is a neurological condition characterized by the inability to form new memories following the onset…

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a mental health condition characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard…

The practical implications and uses of psychological theories and research, including stress management, understanding…

Arousal refers to a physiological and psychological state of being alert, awake, and responsive to stimuli,…

Arousal theory posits that individuals are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal, which varies from person…

Art therapy techniques and practices refer to therapeutic approaches that utilize creative processes, such as drawing,…

Art therapy is a therapeutic practice that utilizes creative expression through visual arts to facilitate emotional…

Art and Environmental Psychology is an interdisciplinary field that examines the interplay between artistic expression…

Art and Psychology: Visual Culture's Impact' refers to the study of how visual art and imagery influence human…

Artificial Intelligence in Psychology refers to the use of computational algorithms and models to simulate human…

Asch's Study, conducted by Solomon Asch in the 1950s, investigated the influence of group pressure on individual…

Attachment Theory is a psychological framework that describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans,…

Attitude change refers to the process through which an individual's evaluations, beliefs, or feelings about a person,…

The process by which an individual's attitude or behavior is influenced by various factors, including validity effect,…

The cognitive processes by which people explain their own and others' behavior, including attribution theory,…

The concepts of attributions and obedience in psychology, including attribution theory, actor-observer bias,…

Atypical characteristics refer to behaviors, traits, or patterns that deviate from societal or statistical norms, often…

Auditory processing is the ability to interpret and make sense of sounds, including spoken language, environmental…

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by challenges in social communication…

Automatic emotion regulation refers to the unconscious processes and mechanisms that individuals employ to manage their…

Aversion therapy is a behavioral treatment that aims to reduce or eliminate undesirable behaviors by associating them…

Bandura's theory, often referred to as social learning theory, posits that learning occurs through observation and…

The base rate fallacy refers to the tendency for individuals to ignore base rate information (statistical data) and…

Behavior genetics is the field of study that examines the role of genetic and environmental influences on behavior and…

Behavior therapies are a group of psychotherapeutic techniques that focus on modifying maladaptive behaviors through…

Behavioral assessment is a systematic method for observing and measuring an individual's behavior in various contexts,…

Behavioral health in crisis response refers to the immediate and effective interventions aimed at addressing mental…

Behavioral health interventions refer to strategies and practices designed to improve mental health and promote…

Behavioral inhibition is a temperament characterized by a consistent pattern of shyness, caution, and avoidance in new…

Behavioral measurement refers to the systematic observation and quantification of behaviors, often through structured…

The biological basis of behavior refers to the study of how our biological makeup, including genetics, neuroscience,…

This topic explores the biological factors that shape human behavior, including genetics, neuroscience, and…

Biological psychology is a subfield of psychology that focuses on the relationship between biological processes and…

The Bobo doll experiment, conducted by Albert Bandura in 1961, demonstrated that children imitate aggressive behavior…

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a mental health condition characterized by intense emotional instability,…

The bystander effect is a social psychological phenomenon in which individuals are less likely to offer help to a…

CHC theory, or Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory, is a comprehensive model of human cognitive abilities that integrates the…

Causation in psychology refers to the relationship where one factor or variable directly influences or brings about a…

The central executive is a key component of Baddeley's model of working memory that coordinates the activities of other…

Central persuasion refers to a route of persuasion in the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) where individuals are…

Child psychology and depression involves the study of emotional, behavioral, and cognitive development in children,…

Childhood stress and trauma refer to adverse experiences or circumstances, such as abuse, neglect, or significant loss,…

Chronic stress refers to a prolonged and persistent state of stress resulting from ongoing life challenges or…

The process by which classical conditioning influences sexual behavior and arousal in animals and humans, including the…

The application of classical conditioning principles in advertising to influence people's attitudes, emotions, and…

Clinical psychology is a specialized branch of psychology focused on diagnosing, treating, and preventing mental health…

Cognitive abilities refer to mental skills that involve the processes of perception, attention, memory, reasoning, and…

Cognitive assessment refers to the evaluation of an individual's intellectual functions, including memory, reasoning,…

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a structured, time-limited psychotherapy that focuses on identifying and changing…

An integration of cognitive and behavioral approaches in psychology.

Cognitive biases refer to systematic errors in thinking and decision-making, such as the availability heuristic, where…

Cognitive decline refers to the gradual deterioration of cognitive functions, such as memory, reasoning, and attention,…

The study of how cognitive abilities, such as memory, intelligence, and problem-solving, change and develop from…

Theories that explain how children and adolescents develop cognitively, including Piaget's theory, Vygotsky's theory,…

Cognitive dissonance refers to the mental discomfort experienced when an individual holds conflicting beliefs, values,…

Cognitive expression refers to the process of conveying thoughts, ideas, and opinions through verbal or non-verbal…

Cognitive impairment refers to a decline in cognitive function that affects memory, thinking, reasoning, and the…

Cognitive mapping refers to the process by which the brain creates a mental representation of its environment, allowing…

Cognitive maps are mental representations of spatial layouts and environments, allowing individuals to navigate and…

Cognitive obstacles are the mental barriers that hinder effective problem solving, including functional fixedness,…

Cognitive psychology is a branch of psychology that studies mental processes such as perception, memory, reasoning, and…

Cognitive rehabilitation is a therapeutic process aimed at enhancing cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and…

Community Psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on understanding individuals within their social contexts,…

Comparative psychology is the branch of psychology that studies the behavior and mental processes of non-human animals,…

The process by which classical conditioning contributes to the development of emotional responses, such as fears and…

The concept of conditioned reflex, also known as psychic reflex, which refers to the process by which a neutral…

The psychological phenomena that occur when individuals are part of a group, including conformity, social loafing,…

The psychological phenomena where individuals change their behavior to match the actions of a larger group, and obey…

The conjunction fallacy occurs when people incorrectly judge the probability of two events occurring together to be…

Conscious motivation refers to the deliberate and aware drive to engage in specific behaviors or pursue goals based on…

The subjective nature of experiences, how they are embedded in awareness, and influenced by internal and external…

Controversies in psychology refer to ongoing debates and disagreements within the field regarding theoretical…

Cortisol is a steroid hormone released by the adrenal glands in response to stress, and elevated levels have been…

The process of providing guidance, support, and therapy to individuals struggling with mental health issues, including…

Counseling psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on facilitating personal and interpersonal functioning…

The psychology of creativity and grief explores how the experience of loss can influence creative expression and…

Crime and Mental Health Interventions' refer to strategies and programs designed to address the intersection of…

Criminal psychology is the study of the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals involved in criminal activity,…

The criminalization of mental illness refers to the process by which individuals with mental health disorders are…

Crisis intervention in substance abuse refers to the immediate and short-term support provided to individuals…

Crisis intervention in mass violence refers to the immediate and strategic response to traumatic incidents involving…

Crisis intervention is a short-term, immediate response process aimed at helping individuals cope with a crisis…

Crisis Intervention Models are structured frameworks designed to provide immediate support and assistance to…

Innovative Crisis Intervention Strategies refer to novel and effective approaches designed to address and manage acute…

A critical period is a specific time frame during development when an organism is particularly sensitive to certain…

Cross-Cultural Psychology is the study of how cultural factors influence human behavior, thoughts, and emotions.

Crystallized intelligence refers to the ability to use knowledge, skills, and experience accumulated over time to solve…

Cultural influence and intelligence refer to the ways in which cultural contexts shape cognitive abilities, expressions…

The study of how cultural factors shape and moderate psychological processes, including the impact of cultural heritage…

Culturally Sensitive Mental Health Strategies refer to therapeutic approaches that are tailored to acknowledge and…

Cyberpsychology and Crime refers to the study of how psychological principles and behaviors manifest in online…

The DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) is a comprehensive classification system used by mental…

The application of evidence-based decision making, understanding the limitations of human cognition, and recognizing…

Deindividuation is a psychological state characterized by a reduced sense of self-awareness and individual…

Deinstitutionalization refers to the process of reducing the population of psychiatric hospitals by transferring…

Delay of gratification refers to the ability to resist the temptation for an immediate reward and wait for a more…

Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by persistent feelings of sadness,…

Determinants of intelligence refer to the various factors, both genetic and environmental, that influence an…

Developmental psychopathology is the study of the interplay between psychological development and the emergence of…

Developmental universality refers to the concept that certain psychological and developmental processes are consistent…

The diathesis-stress model is a psychological framework that explains how an individual's predisposition (diathesis) to…

Disease-prone personality refers to a set of psychological traits and behaviors, such as high levels of stress,…

Dissociative amnesia is a psychological condition characterized by an inability to recall important personal…

Diversity in psychology refers to the inclusion and representation of varied identities, backgrounds, and…

A PsyD (Doctor of Psychology) is a professional doctoral degree focused on clinical practice and the application of…

Economic psychology of consumer choices refers to the study of how psychological factors, such as perceptions,…

Egocentrism is the cognitive inability to see a situation from perspectives other than one's own, often leading to a…

Emerging adulthood is a developmental stage typically occurring between the ages of 18 and 25, characterized by…

Emotion-cognition interaction refers to the dynamic interplay between emotional processes and cognitive functions,…

Emotion regulation refers to the processes individuals use to influence the experience, expression, and response to…

Emotion theory in psychology encompasses various frameworks that seek to explain the nature, functions, and mechanisms…

The influence of emotion on memory refers to the phenomenon where emotional experiences can enhance or impair the…

Epidemiology in psychology refers to the study of the distribution, patterns, and determinants of psychological…

Epidemiology of depression refers to the study of the distribution, determinants, and prevalence of depressive…

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages are a series of eight developmental crises proposed by Erik Erikson, each representing a…

Ethnic minority psychologists are mental health professionals from non-dominant cultural or ethnic backgrounds who…

A subtype of classical conditioning that refers to changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that…

The evolution of psychological science refers to the historical development of psychology as a discipline,…

Evolutionary Psychology is a theoretical approach that explores how natural selection and evolutionary processes shape…

Exercise psychology is the study of the mental and emotional factors that influence participation in physical activity,…

Existential Psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on the individual's experience of existence, emphasizing…

Expectancy effects refer to the phenomenon where a person's expectations about an event or outcome can influence their…

A branch of psychology that uses scientific methods and experiments to study mental processes and behavior, often using…

Experimenter bias refers to the unintended influence that a researcher's expectations or beliefs can have on the…

The processes by which a conditioned response is gradually weakened and disappears when the conditioned stimulus is…

The processes by which a conditioned response is suppressed or eliminated, and the phenomena of spontaneous recovery…

Eyewitness testimony refers to the account given by individuals who observe a crime or event, recounting what they saw,…

Family therapy is a type of psychological counseling that involves working with families to improve communication,…

Fear of fear, also known as anxiety sensitivity, refers to the apprehension or fear one experiences about the…

Feminist psychology is a theoretical approach that examines the ways in which gender, particularly the experiences of…

The Five Factor Model, also known as the Big Five, is a personality framework that identifies five broad dimensions of…

Flashbulb memories are vivid and detailed recollections of significant events, often linked to emotionally charged…

Flow is a psychological state characterized by complete immersion and engagement in an activity, leading to a sense of…

Fluid intelligence refers to the capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of…

Forensic psychology is the intersection of psychology and the legal system, involving the application of psychological…

Forensic psychology in criminal trials refers to the application of psychological principles and practices to legal…

Freudian psychology, founded by Sigmund Freud, emphasizes the role of unconscious processes, early childhood…

Functional fixedness is a cognitive bias that hinders problem-solving by limiting a person’s perception of an object to…

The Fundamental Attribution Error is the tendency to overemphasize personal characteristics and underestimate…

Gambling addiction, also known as compulsive gambling or pathological gambling, is a behavioral disorder characterized…

The underlying psychological drivers that influence why people gamble, including macro-motivations such as escape,…

General adaptation syndrome (GAS) is a three-stage bodily response to stress proposed by Hans Selye, consisting of the…

Genetics and intelligence refers to the study of how genetic factors influence cognitive abilities and intellectual…

The Genie case refers to the study of a feral child, Genie, who was isolated and neglected in the 1970s, leading to…

Global Mental Health refers to the interdisciplinary field that addresses mental health issues on a worldwide scale,…

Global psychology is the study of psychological principles and practices across different cultures and societies,…

The study of how the mind and brain interact to facilitate or hinder the attainment of goals, including the importance…

Group values significantly influence individual behavior and conformity within social contexts.

The harmful dysfunction model is a theoretical framework that defines psychological disorders as resulting from the…

Health psychology is the interdisciplinary field that examines how biological, psychological, and social factors…

Heredity in psychology refers to the genetic transmission of traits and characteristics from parents to offspring,…

Heuristic problem solving refers to the mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that individuals use to simplify…

Heuristics are mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that simplify decision making, often based on past experiences or…

Heuristics are cognitive shortcuts or rules of thumb that simplify decision-making and problem-solving processes by…

The hierarchy of intelligence refers to a structured framework that categorizes different levels or types of cognitive…

The history of psychiatry encompasses the evolution of mental health treatment and understanding, from ancient…

Homicidal sleepwalking is a rare and complex phenomenon where an individual engages in violent behaviors, including…

Hopelessness theory posits that feelings of hopelessness arise from the belief that negative outcomes are unavoidable…

The examination of human behavior, including the factors that influence it, such as experiences, emotions, and…

Human consciousness refers to the state of being aware of one's surroundings, thoughts, and emotions, and is a complex…

Human development refers to the lifelong process of physical, cognitive, emotional, and social growth and change that…

The study of why people behave in certain ways, including the analysis of human thoughts, feelings, and actions, and…

Humanistic psychology is an approach that emphasizes the inherent goodness of people and their natural drive for…

The id, ego, and superego are three components of Sigmund Freud's structural model of the psyche.

Implicit attitudes are automatic, unconscious evaluations and beliefs about a person, object, or concept that influence…

Implicit memory refers to a type of long-term memory that influences thoughts and behaviors without conscious…

Implicit priming is a psychological phenomenon where exposure to one stimulus influences the response to a subsequent,…

Impulse control refers to the ability to resist immediate temptations or urges in favor of long-term goals or…

In-group bias is the tendency to favor members of one's own group over those in other groups.

Inattentional blindness is a psychological phenomenon where an individual fails to perceive an unexpected stimulus in…

Industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology is the scientific study of human behavior in organizations and the workplace.

Industrial psychology is a branch of psychology that applies psychological principles and methods to the workplace,…

Industry vs. inferiority is the fourth stage in Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory, occurring approximately…

The impact of behaviorism on psychological research and methodologies.

Informational social influence is a psychological phenomenon where individuals conform to the beliefs or behaviors of…

Integrative Approaches to Substance Use Disorders refer to comprehensive treatment strategies that combine biological,…

Intelligence measurement refers to the evaluation of cognitive abilities and intellectual potential, often through…

Intelligence measurement refers to the systematic assessment of cognitive abilities, often influenced by cultural,…

Intelligence testing evaluates cognitive abilities and mental strengths through standardized assessments, while problem…

Intelligence theories are psychological frameworks that explain the nature, measurement, and development of…

Intergenerational abuse refers to the transmission of abusive behaviors and patterns across multiple generations within…

Intimidation behavior refers to actions intended to instill fear or anxiety in others, often to assert power or control…

The James-Lange theory posits that emotions arise from physiological responses to external stimuli; individuals first…

Job stress refers to the physical and emotional strain experienced by employees due to work-related demands and…

John Money was a psychologist and sexologist known for his work on gender identity and sexuality, particularly the case…

The Just-World Hypothesis is a cognitive bias that suggests individuals have a tendency to believe that the world is…

Lack of empathy refers to the inability or difficulty in recognizing, understanding, or sharing the feelings and…

Late adulthood is the stage of life typically defined as occurring from around age 65 onward, characterized by…

The relationship between learned behaviors and innate biological qualities in organisms.

Learning is the process through which individuals acquire new knowledge or skills through experience, practice, or…

Theoretical frameworks in psychology that explain how behaviors are acquired and modified through various processes,…

The processes by which students learn and sometimes misunderstand psychological concepts, including the role of direct…

Life Change Units (LCUs) are a quantitative measure used in psychology to assess the stressfulness of various life…

Lifespan development refers to the systematic study of the psychological changes that occur throughout a person's life,…

Linguistics in psychology refers to the study of how language influences cognitive processes, behavior, and social…

Logic in psychology refers to the systematic reasoning processes that underlie the formulation and evaluation of…

Long-term memory is the component of the memory system responsible for the storage of vast amounts of information over…

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness,…

The Marshmallow Test is a psychological experiment designed to measure self-control and delayed gratification in…

The matching hypothesis is a social psychology theory suggesting that individuals are most likely to form romantic…

Maternal Mental Health Interventions refer to targeted strategies and programs designed to support the psychological…

The role of media in shaping body image refers to how various media platforms influence individuals' perceptions and…

Memory consolidation and storage refer to the processes through which temporary memories are transformed into stable,…

Memory enhancement and improvement refer to techniques and strategies aimed at increasing the capacity to encode,…

Memory formation is the process by which experiences are encoded, stored, and retrieved within the brain, involving…

Geographies of Mental Health Accessibility refer to the spatial distribution and availability of mental health services…

Mental health across the lifespan refers to the emotional, psychological, and social well-being of individuals at…

Mental health in prisons refers to the psychological well-being of incarcerated individuals, often characterized by…

Mental health interventions for refugees refer to targeted strategies and therapeutic practices designed to address the…

Mental health interventions in domestic abuse refer to therapeutic strategies and support systems designed to address…

Mental health stigma reduction strategies are systematic approaches aimed at decreasing negative stereotypes,…

Mental Health Impacts of Climate Change' refers to the psychological effects and emotional distress experienced by…

The intersection of mental health and substance use refers to the complex relationship where mental health disorders…

Mental Health in Corrections' refers to the assessment, treatment, and management of mental health disorders among…

Mental representations are cognitive symbols, images, or concepts that stand for objects, events, or ideas in the mind,…

Millennial motivation refers to the driving forces and factors that influence the goals and behaviors of the millennial…

The mirror test is a behavioral experiment used to assess self-awareness in animals by determining whether they can…

Misattribution is a cognitive error where an individual incorrectly identifies the source of a memory, feeling, or…

The misinformation effect refers to the phenomenon where a person's recall of an event is altered by misleading…

Mood disorders are a category of mental health conditions characterized by significant alterations in a person's…

Moral development refers to the process through which individuals acquire the values, standards, and principles that…

Motivation theories are frameworks that explain the processes that drive and direct behavior toward goals, encompassing…

The complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors that influence behavior, including the role of biology,…

Neuroconstructivism is a theoretical framework that posits cognitive development arises from the dynamic interactions…

Neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of conditions characterized by developmental deficits in personal, social,…

The concept of training the mind to achieve success through neuroplasticity, which enables the brain to form new…

Neuropsychology is the study of the relationship between brain function and behavior, focusing on how neurological…

Neuroscience and Criminal Behavior is an interdisciplinary field that examines the relationship between neurological…

Neurotic strategies refer to maladaptive coping mechanisms employed to manage anxiety and emotional distress, often…

Neuroticism is a personality trait characterized by a tendency toward emotional instability, anxiety, and moodiness.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition characterized by persistent, unwanted thoughts…

Obstacles to problem solving refer to various cognitive, emotional, and contextual factors that hinder an individual's…

Occupational psychology is the study of how individuals behave and perform in the workplace, focusing on factors that…

Organizational stress and training refer to the pressures and challenges employees face within a workplace environment,…

Mental health interventions for PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) refer to therapeutic strategies and treatments…

Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks that involve intense fear or…

The significant discoveries and findings of Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, including his accidental discovery of…

Peer group influence refers to the impact that a social group of individuals, typically of similar age and interests,…

Penis envy is a psychoanalytic concept introduced by Sigmund Freud, referring to a girl's sense of inadequacy and envy…

Perceived control refers to an individual's belief in their ability to influence or manage events and outcomes in their…

Perception formation refers to the processes by which the brain interprets and organizes sensory information from the…

This topic covers the psychological concepts related to how individuals perceive their environment and make decisions,…

Perceptual processes refer to the mental operations involved in interpreting and organizing sensory information…

Perceptual psychology is the study of how individuals interpret and make sense of sensory information from the…

The person-situation debate in psychology examines the extent to which individual behavior is influenced by inherent…

Personality disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by enduring patterns of behavior,…

Personality fixation refers to the persistence of certain traits or behaviors that are rooted in early developmental…

Personality perception refers to the process by which individuals form judgments and impressions about the personality…

Personality psychology is the branch of psychology that studies individual differences in personality traits,…

Persuasion theories are frameworks that explain how attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors can be changed through…

Phineas Gage was a 19th-century railroad construction foreman who survived a severe brain injury when an iron rod…

Phrenology is a historical pseudoscience that theorized the shape and size of the skull could determine personality…

Physiological arousal refers to the body's automatic response to stimuli, characterized by changes in heart rate,…

The placebo effect is a psychological phenomenon where a patient's symptoms improve after receiving a treatment that…

Political psychology and decision-making is the interdisciplinary study of how psychological factors, such as beliefs,…

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that can develop after an individual experiences or…

Postformal thought refers to a development stage beyond Piaget's formal operational stage, characterized by the ability…

Procedural memory is a type of long-term memory that enables individuals to perform tasks and skills automatically,…

Psycho-educational groups are structured therapeutic settings where individuals share common issues and learn about…

A psychological theory developed by Sigmund Freud that emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind in shaping behavior,…

Exploration of practical implications of Freud's psychoanalytic concepts in modern psychology.